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In 1964, 89 percent of the park was set aside in a highly protected wilderness area, and other protected areas were added adjacent to the park. The loss of Hetch Hetchy led to the formation of the National Park Service through the approval of the Organic Act of 1916. Construction on the O'Shaughnessey Dam began in 1919 and was completed in 1923. This event was considered a major conservation battle lost, after which John Muir gave up on fighting and died on December 24, 1914. Preservationists led by Muir and the Sierra Club failed to save Hetch Hetchy Valley from becoming a reservoir when the Raker Act was approved on December 2, 1913. Improvements to the park helped to increase visitation during this time. The newly formed National Park Service took over the park's administration in 1916. The United States Army had jurisdiction over the national park from 1891 to 1914, followed by a brief period of civilian stewardship. Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove were added to the national park in 1906. Their efforts helped establish Yosemite National Park in 1890. Naturalist John Muir and others became increasingly alarmed about the excessive exploitation of the area. Indigenous people continued to be forced out periodically, while white settlers were paid a total of $60,000 to move out of the valley. Conditions in Yosemite Valley were made more hospitable to non-indigenous people, and access to the park was improved in the late 19th century. Yosemite pioneer Galen Clark became the park's first white guardian. In 1864, Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of giant sequoia trees were transferred from federal to state ownership. Lafayette Bunnell, popularized Yosemite Valley as a scenic wonder. Accounts from the Mariposa Battalion, especially from Dr. The California state military forces burned the tribe's villages, destroyed their food stores, killed the chief's sons, and forced the tribe out of Yosemite. As part of this conflict, settler James Savage led the Mariposa Battalion into Yosemite Valley in 1851, in pursuit of Ahwaneechees led by Chief Tenaya. Tensions between Native Americans and white settlers escalated into the Mariposa War. The California Gold Rush greatly increased the number of non-indigenous people in the region. In the mid-19th century, a band of Native Americans called the Ahwahnechee lived in Yosemite Valley. Historically attested Native American populations, such as the Sierra Miwok, Mono and Paiute, belong to the Uto-Aztecan and Utian phyla. Human habitation in the Sierra Nevada region of California reaches back 8,000 to 10,000 years ago. Galen Clark, the first California-state-appointed guardian of Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove, pictured in front of the Grizzly Giant Tree, Mariposa Grove around 1858–9.